Development Plan for Decreasing Crime Rates at El Amir Hamad Archeological Site

Dr. Rasha Ali; YASMIN MOANIS HATEM

doi:10.21625/essd.v7i2.909

Dr. Rasha Ali El-Ashmawy , Dr. Yasmin Moanis Hatem

https://doi.org/10.21625/essd.v7i2.909

Issue
Vol. 7 Issue 2 (2022): Sustainable Urban Planning and the Divided Cities

Submitted
November 19, 2022

Accepted
December 29, 2022

Published
December 30, 2022

Keywords:

Archeological sites, heritage crime, urban open spaces, development plans, conservation, safety

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Abstract

Recently, the direct causal relationship between the built environment and well-being has been shown to affect the quality of life as well as the performance of the urban environment. While it is often difficult to establish, the urban built environment plays a major role in shaping the way people act inside it. (Thwaites, Kevin, et al., 2016)

While urbanisation takes place in a transforming society, societal development leaves its signature in urban spaces. When industries and development plans decline in some parts of the city, especially those with archaeological value, those parts will have been abandoned due to migration. Urban pockets or gaps inside the built environment are left behind to suffer from informality, deterioration, and increasing crime and unemployment rates.

The aim of that research is to find some possible solutions in the direction of improving those public abandoned spaces that accommodate dangerous buildings, high rates of unemployment and unsafe urban areas in the regional range of Meet-Ghamr, Dakhlia governorate. (Aggnieszka Lisowska, 2017).

The targeted area of the study is "minaret el Amir Hamaad" in Meet-Ghamr, Dakahleia, Egypt, one of the most important archaeological sites in the Islamic heritage of Dakhlia governorate, which is well known for its unique mosques and mosque minarets.

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References

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Tavakoli, H.; Marzbali, M.H. Urban Public Policy and the Formation of Dilapidated Abandoned Buildings in Historic Cities: Causes, Impacts and Recommendations, Sustainability 2021, 13, 6178. https:// doi.org/10.3390/su13116178.

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Authors

Dr. Rasha Ali El-Ashmawy

Department of Architectural, Faculty of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Dakahliya, Egypt

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-0010

[email protected] (Primary Contact)

Dr. Yasmin Moanis Hatem

Department of Architectural, Faculty of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Dakahliya, Egypt

Ali, D. R., & HATEM, Y. M. (2022). Development Plan for Decreasing Crime Rates at El Amir Hamad Archeological Site. Environmental Science & Sustainable Development, 7(2), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.21625/essd.v7i2.909

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Received 2022-11-19
Accepted 2022-12-29
Published 2022-12-30

1. Introduction

Without a doubt, accurately identifying and improving historical sites and buildings is extremely important because it allows communities to continue to exist while preventing history from fading and being demolished. Abandoned sites may intentionally cause the deterioration of the assets and the surrounding urban area. (O.E.C.D., 2020)

The complex problems of abandoned historical sites pose a threat to surrounding structures and present a direct risk to the type and rate of crime in a process known as "house stripping," "scavenging," or "urban mining." In those cases, the offender destroys the asset and then sells it away. Abandoned urban areas are highly linked to naturally increasing and developing crime rates and types, which increases the value of the asset as well. (O.E.C.D., 2020)

This empirical research will demonstrate the importance of involving the preservation of archaeological sites that should be linked to a long-term conservation plan to prevent them from being abandoned and demolished, as well as discussing the term "heritage crime" and the relation between crime and abandoned heritage areas.

That will be discussed through studying the local area of "El Amir Hamad Corner," which is considered to be one of the extensive archaeological areas at Meet-Ghamr Dakahleia, Egypt. And it also states what the area suffers from; like negligence, demolishing, and fewer amenities and services by the recent users of the space, from criminals to displaced people.

2. Research aims and objectives

The study aims to properly prepare a development plan for the archaeological site of El Amir Hamad Corner, taking into consideration the area's physical built environment on an urban scale. Throughout:

Examine the current situation of El Amir Hamad Corner, and carefully investigate the physical and social conditions of the local area.

Study the crime rates, specific types, and distribution inside the historic area to carefully evaluate the situation and properly establish an operational plan.

The preparation of several planning alternatives and reasonably achieving the potential target related to conserving the historic site by exploiting the extensive archaeological history of the area.

3. Research Methodology

A quantitative and qualitative field study for El Amir Hamad Corner to determine the number of residents, building conditions, and types of economic activities in the area.

From both practical and theoretical perspectives, an analytical study of the existing case of historic buildings and street network, as well as the behavioral attitude of active users; sufficient strengths and critical weaknesses.

A sustainable development plan for the historical region within the comprehensive framework of the strategic concept of a social and alternative relationship with complex nature and regionallevels.

A conclusion will be obtained at the end based mainly on the analytical data and research results to create an optimum solution for that archaeological site of El Amir Hamad

4. El Amir Hamad Corner, Dakahlia, Egypt (case study)

Since Tourism remain a common phenomenon in Egypt as a modern country consists of 1/3 of world-historical sites, so it is clear for various reasons that developing and conserving those sites in a way to improve social, sociological, and psychological aspects of that district is a must. And not abandoning them and which in consequence will perceive as an explicit and healthy image for space. (Source not found, n.d.).

Tourism leads to a temporarily increased number of people from outside the local district to enter in a relatively compact area, it can easily change a hazardous site from being unsafe to safe, once introducing the tourists (allowed stranger) to the local district which lead to transform the area character to better one especially if it was already suffering from certain types of crime like drug dealing, theft, prostitution, and vandalism. (Source not found, n.d.)

For a city that have many archeological and historical sites , the unused urban space and abandoned urban gaps between buildings and other physical built areas with no community attention will cause many problems concerning social, psychological and physical spaces. Those spaces have high potential for reconstruction and conservation, and integrating them to the surrounding community gradually with well-designed plans of conservation will help in developing those areas through time.

And for taking case study of el Amir Hamad corner to prepare an economic and social development plan to improve regional security and reduce the local crime rate as it already consists of some historical buildings (El Ghamry Mosque-el Amir Hamad minaret-El Arwam church), also suffering from neglecting and low conservation and maintenance level, also accommodate certain types of criminal acts which merely make it an unsafe area for local citizens.

It was constructed by El Amir Hamad Ben Mekled Beik in the year 1615 and it was considered as an Islamic an archaeological site in 21 of November 1951 with an official declaration no.10357. It typically consists of El Amir Hamad minaret which is close to el grand Ghamry mosque founded on The Mamluk Period and the historic mosque occupies a significant position with a Nile view of Meet-Ghamr, Egypt.

4.1. Problem Definition

The gradual deterioration of certain historical areas leaves a negative impression about the cultural aspect and safety of that social space that carries Islamic and Coptic history. It was detected that in the study area of El Amir Hamad Minaret, the gradual deterioration and low conservation rates separate the area gradually from the surrounding fabric, leaving the inner space with no definite building shapes, archaeological remains, high unemployment and crime rates, and concentrated fabric in the middle of the local area. The ruined mosques and the graceful minaret were left for ruthless destruction, and it was abandoned as well, so it acts as an adequate space for potential criminals and disordered behavior to scarcely appear. Figure 2: Case study El Amir Hamad Minaret, analysis and problem definition.

Figure 1.Deterioration of the historical heart of the proposed site of el Amir Hamad corner.Dakhlya,,MeEt-GHamr.Eygpt from 2004-2018. Source: Authors

Figure 2.Case study El Amir Hamad Minaret, analysis and problem definition.

Source: Authors One of the acutest problems inside the proposed site is that the surrounding buildings are typically considered to be a slump informal area with no specific shape or social structure, and it was announced to be an unsafe urban area by the governorate of Dakalhia, unit of informal settlements.

The study area of El Amir Hamad Corner naturally suffers from condensed building fabric in the middle of crumbling used buildings, which shows the gradual deterioration of the historic site around the graceful minaret and ruined Ghamry mosque and most of the iconic buildings typically found to be owned by the Endowment "Awqaf", and it was also neglected by the private owner, which leads the abandoned area to be a suitable host for illegal criminals, disordered acts, and urban crime to show up. The local area in the middle with low-rise buildings typically causes a marked decrease in the viable option of natural surveillance and decreases direct contact with the surrounding fabric as well.

Figure 3.Shows the surrounding built environment for the area

Figure 4.shows the minaret of Prince Hamad mosque and its deterioration value and historical monuments of grand Ghamry mosque. Source: https://heritage.weladelbalad.com

On the other hand, the visible outline of the area includes the more towering buildings, which merely make it a suitable option to typically leave the middle severely deteriorated and less connected to the outer district. According to the most recent surveys on that area, which suffers from drug dealing, theft, prostitution, and vandalism, the two great mosques have been left for demolition with no maintenance and neglect, as well as a high rate of crime.

Figure 5.shows a detailed map for the site problem definition. Source: Authors

4.2. El Amir Hamad Corner and safety

The area lies on the distinguished shore of the Nile River in the city of Ghamr, at the corner of which is El Amir Hammad, which is considered a unique archaeological architectural work. The area suffers from harsh environmental conditions, as the surrounding area, which includes 104 old, dilapidated houses, was classified as a slum area and entered the government development programme several years ago without progress or achievement until it became a breeding ground for piles of dirt and was considered to be an unsafe zone. (Government slump development unit).

The site acquired great importance as a religious, spiritual, and commercial symbol as it was a port for transporting goods and was helped by its proximity to the Nile River, noting that it is one of the individual models of archaeological angles in Lower Egypt and needs to be highlighted for development and inclusion in tourism programs. (Archaeological Awareness and Cultural Development, Dakahlia Archeology).

Table 1.Shows the most important archeological areas at Meet Gamr, Dakahlia ,Egypt. Source: National Organization of Urban Harmony
Among the most important Islamic shrines:
Al-Mowafi Mosque	One of the most famous mosques in Mansoura, founded by King Al-Saleh “Nagm El-Din Ayoub” in 583 AH – 1187 AD.
Al-Ghamry Archaeological Mosque and Minaret	It is located in Meet Ghamr city; this unique minaret dates back to the reign of Mamluks
Muhammad Ibn Abi Bakr Al- Sedik Mosque	It is located in Meet Demsis at Markaz Aga. It is the Mosque of Mohammad Ibn Abi Bakr Al Sedik, son of the Companion Sahabi of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) and the first Caliph of the Muslims. His tomb was discovered in 1950
Prince Hammad Corner	It is located next to Al- Ghamry Mosque; and it dates back to the Mamluks era.
Among the most important Coptic shrines
Saint Mar-Gerges Church	It lies in Meet Demsis at Markaz Aga. It is composed of two buildings; one of them dates back to more than 1,600 years.
Monastery of St. Damiana:	located in Damiana village at Markaz Belqas. It includes five churches; one of them is an archeological church in Gothic style that was discovered in late 1947.

Figure 6.shows the entrance and the shape of el Amir Hamad mosque and minaret, and the rate of deterioration

The El Amir Hamad mosque is one of the historical monuments at Meet-Ghamr, and it is suffering severely from the possible danger of demolishing and erasing the cultural history of a significant period where a number of owners of the surrounding buildings demolished their rented houses from the endowments and started construction of modern, undefined buildings, which in turn will damage the local area’s history and architectural heritage to build their own homes away from the regulations and government rules. Most of the demolished buildings are extremely damaged, which is owned by the endowment that was severely neglected for years, and many acute problems are caused by that exact reason.

The mosque is considered to be one of the rare suspended mosques in the eastern delta region in the era of the Ottoman period, thanks to the establishment of "wedoa" places at the bottom of the corner, as well as the creation of an external corridor under the southern area and lower rooms with intersecting domes. (https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/808123.aspx)

4.3. Site analysis

The area's condition was objectively analysed to expose the difference between positive and negative points inside the area, starting from the solid and void maps, which show the real, condensed, used fabric of the private buildings with a very appalling condition inside the area near to El Ghamry mosque and El Amir Hamad Minaret, which caused the demolishing of the rest of the surrounding buildings in bad condition and leaving the area for potential criminals and prostitution.

Deep study for the building types and occupation was carefully taken to generate the right design decision for that used area. The analysis shows that most of the land ownership irretrievably goes to the endowment of the authoritarian government and the rest is citizen ownership "which causes the problem at first" and by counting the proper ratio, it was found that 65% is for the endowment and 35% acquires citizenship.

Table 2.shows the total analysis of the site. Source: Authors
Building number	Floor no	R	F	O
16-17-18-19-20-21-28-29-30-31-65-91-91	Ground floor	1	1	E
4-3’’-6-7-8-11-12-13-14-15-	Ground floor	1	1	E
44-55-45-46-47-49-52-62-63-64-	Ground floor	1	1	E
3	Ground floor	1	2	E
1-2	Demolished	-	-	E
9-10-24-25-32-35-37-39-43-48-102	Ground and first floor	2	2	E
22-23	Ground +first floor	1	2	E
36-38-46	Empty land	-	-	E
40-51-92-	Ground +2 floors	3	3	E
41-42-56-59-	Ground +5 floors	5	5	E
95	Ground +6 floors	37	37	C
97	Ground +6 floors	7	5	C
96	Ground 5 shops+4 floors	12	12	C
78-82	Ground shop+4 floors	5	5	C
83	Ground 2 shops+4 floors	5	5	C
90	Ground 2 shops+4 floors	6	6	C
79	Ground 3shops+4 floors	7	7	C
104	Parking	1	1	G
105	Storage	-	-	C
81	Ground floor shop	S	S	C
84-85	Empty land	-	-	C
86	Ground 1 shop+3 floors	4	4	C
0	Ground+11 floors	12	12	C
89	Ground shop +2 floors	3	3	C
103	2 shops	2	2	C
70	3 shops	3	3	C
54	Mosque	-	-	E
50	El Amir Hamad minaret	-	-	E

Figure 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11.shows the total analysis of the site and building conditions

5. Understanding Heritage Crime for the Study Area.

Inheritance crime is a concept attached to any heritage site that means "any offence which harms the value of heritage assets and their settings to this and future generations or which impairs their enjoyment." In other words, it could be said that it's a punishable offence in which any individual intentionally harms the moral or physical value of inheritance assets and their historical settings. (Source not found, n.d.)

According to Yaron Gottlieb, there are many different types of crimes against our heritage, including: theft of lead and other metals from churches and other historic buildings; architectural theft; illegal metal detecting; unlawful alteration and damage to listed buildings; unlawful demolition of buildings and structures in Conservation Areas; damage to monuments; arson; graffiti; and other forms of antisocial behavior in proximity to heritage assets. (Source not found, n.d.)

Most heritage assets are properly protected by specific legislation to typically prevent harm intentionally caused by possible damage or unlicensed alteration. However, other crimes such as apparent theft, criminal damage, aggravated arson, and anti-social behavior offences can also damage and harm inheritance assets and interfere constructively with the allowed public's social enjoyment and personal knowledge of their cultural heritage. (Han & Helm, 2020).

Figure 12.shows the effect of low maintenance for the mosque

In Egypt, the touristic sites are carefully secured, most of them by the established rules and local legislation, but in some lesser cities that typically have a lot of local historical heritage and valued assets, they suffer severely from being away from the excessive regulations and political rules and are scarcely left for gradual deterioration, as in the proposed area of Meet Gamer Dakhalia, Egypt. It could easily be affected by heritage crime. (Thwaites et al., 2016)

The proposed study area typically contains one of the famous and valued minarets of el Amir Hamad and also the ruined Gamry mosque, which is similar in a unique design to "Azahar el Sharif." They suffer from some types of heritage crime that include architectural theft of some ornaments from the mosque and church (particularly of wood and stone); criminal damage (e.g. graffiti on a scheduled monument); illegal remain detecting; anti-social behaviour (most particularly occupying and living inside historic sites and some activities); unauthorised changes to historic buildings and the illegal trade in cultural objects. (Source not found, n.d.)

Abandoning that historic site without merely maintaining it has naturally led to radically increasing violent crime rates through time, with some specific types of punishable crimes that intentionally harm the abandoned properties and local habitations, and consequent crimes that inevitably take place and develop as well. (Postma & Schmuecker, 2017)

6. Tourism Industry and Safety for the Abandoned Historic Sites

The potential tourist and resident users of a certain space simply propose an economic diversity of possible options to some more economic improvements to typically increase the nominal income for both stack holders and local habitats of that local area. The idea of the local tourism industry on the economic scale naturally involves many alternative options, so it offers and generates continuous occupations in many altered areas. (Source not found, n.d.)

By encouraging local tourism through the introduction of a suitable development plan, the local economic value of the urban space will increase, which will help to bring investments to the area and Local hotels, cafes, food courts, gathering pedestrian points, tour guide agencies, retail, and souvenir giveaway shops will typically help to reliably deliver many diverse levels of gainful employment for local people in the neighborhood. (Bryant, 2020))

According to a study in Philadelphia, which is considered to be one of the heritage cities that suffer from vacant and abandoned buildings, the city is using an abandoned building remediation strategy to reduce blight and crime, stabilize real estate value, and encourage economic development. The result was that the low-cost method of possible renovation could possibly be an effective means to reduce crime. And other outcomes, this study provides useful evidence of the potential effect of abandoned building remediation policies on decreasing crime rates in cities. (WTO et al., 2002)

7. Proposed Development Plan for the Study Area

Cultural tourism positively receives a massive consequence in flourishing any archaeological site by its vast impact of radically increasing pedestrian safety, social balance, positively enhancing criminal attitude, and economic balance to the place, so it was humbly proposed to conserve the historic site with all the great archaeological buildings inside it (ElAmir Hamad Minaret, El Local Ghamry mosque, and El Arwam Church) and to widely establish a current path for tourists to instantly get inside the site to enjoy the magnificent scenes offered by the historic buildings and mosques inside after carefully restoring it to the past situation, and from outside, the extensive view of the Nile and El Arwam Church. The solution proposal indicates precisely the following steps of considerable improvement:

Figure 13.shows the historic site potentials. Source: Authors.

Figure 14.Shows proposed solutions based on current potential of the site. Source: Authors

The touristic path proposed according to the arrangement of the significant archaeological building inside the site with profound respect to the main streets, Secondary Street, car pathways, pedestrian walkways, and empty land distribution.

First step: carefully explore all the vacant land to properly manage in solving the problem positively related to considerable space.
Second step: state the archaeological lots that will involve in the touristic path.
Third step: start rearranging the local inhabitants inside the area at the visible edge of the historical site and conserve all the historic buildings.
Fourth step: use all empty lands inside the area to make amenities and services for the tourists and manage the sites belong to the endowment in refreshing the history of those buildings again.
The fifth step: properly plan a touristic path for the typical tourist to naturally enter the site as indicated in the leading (Figure 13 and Figure 14).

Three possible pathways came clear to the specific plan proposed as following:

7.1. First Proposed Path:

The first route will start from one of the main streets of the area that looks over the River Nile, "el Horya Road", leading directly to the middle of the historic site towards the Arwan church and then through "Ez El Dein Road", which faces the "Ghamry Mosque" with its fantastic, then leading the tour to the proposed pedestrian area that starts from "Zawiya Street" and ends by the main gathering point to end the official trip. As illustrated in the following diagram.

Figure 20.shows the first proposal for the site Proposed By the Researchers. Source: Researcher

7.2. Second, Proposed Path:

start from the main street "El Horeya road" and the proposed main waiting and gathering point, and then inside the historic site towards the Arwan church, and then inside the site from "Eez el Dein road" which faces El Ghamry mosque, and then to a pedestrian area starting from "Hamad street" and ending at the proposed main gathering point to end the official trip. As illustrated in the following diagram.

Figure 15.shows the second proposal for the site Proposed By the Researchers. Source: Authors

7.3. Third Proposed Path:

Start from the main street "El Dakhakny road", reaching to El Ghamry Mosque and then to Prince Hamad Minaret, passing through the other conserved buildings and finally to the nearest gathering point proposed, which will include all the amenities that any tourist needs.

Figure 16.shows the third proposal for the site Proposed By the Researchers. Source: Authors

According to previous research and reading, the rate of potential crime will gradually will be decreasing over time with proper maintenance and management. The development of the area and the introduction of tourism gradually will effectively increase the activity inside the area and bring a new economic factor to the area.

This humble effort would help in developing the surrounding area and also stimulate the local governorate to integrate the idea of developing abundant historical sites into their management plan, further helping other Middle Eastern government agencies to propose integrated management tools for the stimulation of historic cities.

8. Conclusion

The potential problem of abandoned buildings and vacant lots is that they are devastated structures seen daily by urban residents, may create physical opportunities for violence by sheltering illegal activity, and ignoring the historical assets and areas and enabling them for destruction, abundance, and ignorance could lead to severe radical changes on the minor scale of urban fabric and also in crime typology and rates.

A complete management plan should be applied by the government to improve those sites and to improve them gradually, not barely maintaining the case as it is. An essential part of the potential problem was because of the endowment policies and how they properly treat the old assets of the local area.

By following the lead of abandoned building remediation by introducing the historical tourism resources to the site, many problems will be easily rectified by time. It also contributes to the elimination of crime and fear of crime rates, which will ensure the continued development plan proposed to the captive population of those areas. And the economic factor of the site comprises a crucial factor that will affect the factors of development. Urban planning studies for heritage areas that involve tourism as their main source of income in order to benefit from their development, the creation of new economic value that is supportive to the wellbeing and lifestyle of the inhabitants and users.

Improving the behavioral, social, and psychological conditions and wellbeing of the local community represents a significant challenge to typically decreasing the prime rate of possible crime and fear of crime.

9. Recommendations

It truly supports the successful completion of the work and appropriately regulates cultural tourism at such archaeological sites. The alternative relationship between crime rates and cultural tourism undoubtedly remains a sensitive spot of debate for a long time. Some researchers suggest that tourist destinations can clearly increase the rate of crime and the area image, and most research states that relation. But on the other hand, involving a modern type of active users from different cultures inside any space can definitely affect the crime rates that will gradually decrease by the time the local area is improved as a recent economic source for work will take place and also a new lifestyle will be developed under the supervision of the authoritarian government and will affect economic and social seriously.

Taking into consideration the explicit image of the local area, which naturally makes it a unique space to explore despite the heritage site itself, like (culture, hospitality, infrastructure, and local attractions), uniform management of the security of the site, introducing the site to the local tourism that will make it safer time by time.
The allowed public and privet sector should voluntarily undertake the civic responsibility to properly maintain and to instantly improve the historic site from all practical sides of possible crime and demolishing.
Promptly introduce alternative activities and historical events gradually held in the local area related to the most common heritage buildings inside, like celebrating Islamic and Christian religions.
Carrying out public meetings with local users and local stakeholders to inform them about the historical importance of radically improving the standard of living inside the area and to identify the importance of safety and security problems.
Promptly introduce a long-term plan of possible risks that could be critically involved by introducing cultural tourism inside the protected area and should be positively related to the emergency plans of the used site.
An allowed public or private force should typically take place inside the local area to instantly solve and interfere whenever necessary.
Enthusiastically endorsing the complex relationship between local police officers instantly surrounding the protected area, tourism authorities, and personal representatives from the local stakeholder to radically improve the site's performance.

Empirical data on the area of crime types and sufficient quantity should be sufficiently cleared from time to time to identify hot spots and initiate the exact action at the right time. And crime data that will be generously offered by the communist government for the general public to ensure the key role of local awareness and encourage inhabitants to help in solving crime issues, and to increase the inhabitant's self-ownership feeling that will lead to increasing the perception of safety and decreasing crime rates.

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UN Habitat.(2007).kenya slum upgrading programme (KENSUP),Nairobi,Kenya.
PIZAM A.. A comprehensive approach to classifying Acts of crime and violence at tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research. 1999; 38, 1:5-12.
D.W. H.A.R.P.E.R.. planning in tourist robbery. Annals of Tourism Research. 2000; 27, 2:517-520.
Bennett L.. Assets under attack: metal theft, the built environment and the dark side of the global recycling market. Environmental law and management. 2008; 20:176-183.
Niekerk Mathilda. University of Central Florida, Rosen College of Hospitality Management.
Lisowska Agnieszka. University of Wroclaw Institute of Geography and Regional Development, Socio-Economic Geography Institution; 2017.
Shane Jon M.. Abandoned Buildings and Lots”. Problem-Specific Guides Series Problem-Oriented Guides for Police. 2012; 64
Korsell Lars, Hedlund Göran, Elwér Sofia, Vesterhav Daniel, Heber Anita. 2006.
rådet Brottsförebyggande.
FSA Mark Harrison. Hertfordshire Constabulary; 2016.
Kondo M.C., Keene D., Hohl B.C., MacDonald J.M., Branas C.C.. A Difference-In-Differences Study of the Effects of a New Abandoned Building Remediation Strategy on Safety. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(7)Publisher Full Text
O.E.C.D.. OECD Publishing: Paris; 2020. Publisher Full Text | DOI
Han Hye-Sung, Helm Scott. Does Demolition Lead to a Reduction in Nearby Crime Associated With Abandoned Properties?. 2020.
Housing Policy Debate. 10.1;1-24.
Tavakoli H., Marzbali M.H.. Urban Public Policy and the Formation of Dilapidated Abandoned Buildings in Historic Cities: Causes, Impacts and Recommendations. Sustainability. 2021; 13Publisher Full Text | DOI
WTO Tourism, Alleviation Poverty, Published. 2002; BN
Gottlieb Yaron. attacks against cultural heritage as a crime against humanity”, 52 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 2020; 287
Bryant Robin. Project 7708 Understanding heritage crime in Kent and Medway -a data analytical approach FINAL. 2020.
Postma A., Schmuecker D.. Understanding and overcoming negative impacts of tourism in city destinations: conceptual model and strategic framework". Journal of Tourism Futures. 2017; 3(2):144-156. DOI
Ghodya Mohamed Kamal Mohamed, Azzam Yousry Abd-Elkader, Maarouf Ibrahim El-sayed. Strategy of integrating Egyptian sites into world heritage property: Rashid city as a case study. Ain Shams Engineering Journal,Volume. 12(ue 3,2021,Pages)
Thwaites Kevin, Romice Ombretta, Porta Sergio, Greaves Mark. Urban Design and Quality of Life. 2016.

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[BIBR-1] Territo L., Hasted J.B.. ,NJ :Pearson Education ,Inc: Saddle River.

[BIBR-2] UN Habitat.(2007).kenya slum upgrading programme (KENSUP),Nairobi,Kenya.

[BIBR-3] PIZAM A.. A comprehensive approach to classifying Acts of crime and violence at tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research. 1999; 38, 1:5-12.

[BIBR-4] D.W. H.A.R.P.E.R.. planning in tourist robbery. Annals of Tourism Research. 2000; 27, 2:517-520.

[BIBR-5] Bennett L.. Assets under attack: metal theft, the built environment and the dark side of the global recycling market. Environmental law and management. 2008; 20:176-183.

[BIBR-6] Niekerk Mathilda. University of Central Florida, Rosen College of Hospitality Management.

[BIBR-7] Lisowska Agnieszka. University of Wroclaw Institute of Geography and Regional Development, Socio-Economic Geography Institution; 2017.

[BIBR-8] Shane Jon M.. Abandoned Buildings and Lots”. Problem-Specific Guides Series Problem-Oriented Guides for Police. 2012; 64

[BIBR-9] Korsell Lars, Hedlund Göran, Elwér Sofia, Vesterhav Daniel, Heber Anita. 2006.

[BIBR-10] rådet Brottsförebyggande.

[BIBR-11] FSA Mark Harrison. Hertfordshire Constabulary; 2016.

[BIBR-12] Kondo M.C., Keene D., Hohl B.C., MacDonald J.M., Branas C.C.. A Difference-In-Differences Study of the Effects of a New Abandoned Building Remediation Strategy on Safety. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(7)Publisher Full Text

[BIBR-13] O.E.C.D.. OECD Publishing: Paris; 2020. Publisher Full Text | DOI

[BIBR-14] Han Hye-Sung, Helm Scott. Does Demolition Lead to a Reduction in Nearby Crime Associated With Abandoned Properties?. 2020.

[BIBR-15] Housing Policy Debate. 10.1;1-24.

[BIBR-16] Tavakoli H., Marzbali M.H.. Urban Public Policy and the Formation of Dilapidated Abandoned Buildings in Historic Cities: Causes, Impacts and Recommendations. Sustainability. 2021; 13Publisher Full Text | DOI

[BIBR-17] WTO Tourism, Alleviation Poverty, Published. 2002; BN

[BIBR-18] Gottlieb Yaron. attacks against cultural heritage as a crime against humanity”, 52 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 2020; 287

[BIBR-19] Bryant Robin. Project 7708 Understanding heritage crime in Kent and Medway -a data analytical approach FINAL. 2020.

[BIBR-20] Postma A., Schmuecker D.. Understanding and overcoming negative impacts of tourism in city destinations: conceptual model and strategic framework". Journal of Tourism Futures. 2017; 3(2):144-156. DOI

[BIBR-21] Ghodya Mohamed Kamal Mohamed, Azzam Yousry Abd-Elkader, Maarouf Ibrahim El-sayed. Strategy of integrating Egyptian sites into world heritage property: Rashid city as a case study. Ain Shams Engineering Journal,Volume. 12(ue 3,2021,Pages)

[BIBR-22] Thwaites Kevin, Romice Ombretta, Porta Sergio, Greaves Mark. Urban Design and Quality of Life. 2016.

Development Plan for Decreasing Crime Rates at El Amir Hamad Archeological Site

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